It also suggests, by being a precursor to x and y in the alphabet, that we are talking about a theory. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. Theory x and theory y describe two views of people at work and may be used to describe two opposing management styles. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work.
Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory a for managing people and performance article pdf available june 2016 with 8,544 reads how we measure reads. According to theory x, there is complete centralization of authority, in the organisation, i. In actual practice, most managers today practice a combination of. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. A theorist who argued two sets of assumptions theory x and theory y pdf free download ebook, handbook, textbook, user guide pdf files on the internet quickly and easily. In comparison to theory x, theory y adds more of a democratic and free feel in the. Both theory x and theory y can be right, depending on the circumstances, the.
The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of their. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y.
Theory x and theory y essay sample new york essays. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. The intense bit goes with mcgregors theory x, which assumes that workers naturally do less than they can, so they need to be prodded along, with careful supervision and an extensive array of punishments and rewards. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible.
Organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. Becaus o thiefs dislik of worke, most people mus b coercedte, controlled, directed, o threatener witdh punishment to ge thet m to pu fortt h adequate effort toward achieving organizational objectives. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. The team members are active and supportive in our work climate and find the work itself ewarding.
Some managers feel that theory x has it right, while others are on the side of. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and. Mcgregor formulated 2 distinct views based on 2 different assumptions about people employees in particular. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. This concept emphasizes that staff are selfdiscipline and would like to do the job themselves. It follows the same algebraicunknown nomenclature scheme of theory x and theory y that suggests that well never really know the whole answer. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his 1960. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. Theory y mcgregors theory y is the root cause of employee empowerment. This 2 minutes clip will give you an insight about.
Indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. Th average humae n bein has agnin herent dislik of wore k an wild avoil d it if possible. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management.
Theory x and theory y of management represent two fundamental approaches to employee engagement carson, 2005. Theory w is a nice name for the theory of talent management i am starting to make up. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Theory y put forward the idea that management by objectives and involving workers in the decisionmaking process would lead to the creation of a satisfied and more productive workforce. Skills ebooks, templates and checklists available for free download right now. A theorist who argued two sets of assumptions theory x and. A pure theory y approach can work in exceptional circumstances, when almost all workers are totally dedicated to the task at hand. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Pdf comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z. Unlike, decentralisation of authority is presumed in theory y, which involves. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions.
The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. Motivation theory x and theory y free management ebooks. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories.
People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. This lesson goes over these additional learning goals.